Jaakko Malmivuo: Bioelectromagnetism

Recorded at the Ragnar Granit Institute, Autumn 2006.

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Lecture 1
	Introduction
Intro	Bioelectromagnetism, Main topics, Textbook, Interdisciplinary sciences
1.1 - 1.2	Bioelectromagnetism, Subdivisions of bioelectromagnetism
1.3	Bioelectric phenomena, Generation of bioelectric signals, Importance of bioelectromagnetism, Funny example
1.4	History of bioelectromagnetism, William Gilbert, Jan Swammerdam, Luigi Galvani, Electrotherapy
1.4.3	Hans Christian Ørstedt, Hans Berger - EEG, Magnetocardiogram, Hermann Helmholtz, Nernst equation
Lecture 2
Part I	Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Bioelectromagnetism
2	Nerve and muscle cell, Cell membrane, Motoneuron
2.2.3	Synapse, Striated muscle, Bioelectric function, Response of the membrane potential, Conduction of nerve impulse
3	Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nernst equation, Electric potential and field, Nernst-Planc equation, Illustration
3.3	The origin of resting voltage, Electric circuit of membrane, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, Reversal voltage, Transmembrane ion flux
Lecture 3
3	Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nernst equation, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, Transmembrane ion flux
3.6	Cable equation of the axon, Steady state response, Stimulation with step-current, Strength-duration relation
4	Active behavior of the membrane, Voltage clamp method, Space clamp, Voltage clamp
4.2.3	Voltage clamp, Examples, Transmembrane ion flux, Preparation of an axon, Fugu fish
4.4	Hodgin-Huxley model, Parallel conductance model, Voltage clamp experiments, Model for potassium conductance
Lecture 4
4.4	Hodgkin-Huxley model, Parallel conductance model, Potassium conductance, Model for potassium conductance
4.4.4	Sodium conductance, Model for sodium conductance, A model for channel gating
4.4.5	Hodgin-Huxley equations, Sodium and potassium conductances, Propagating nerve impulse
4.5	Patch clamp method, Current through a single ion channel, Modern understanding of the ionic channels
5	Synapses, receptor cells and brain, Excitatory and inhibitory synapses, Spatial and temporal summation, Electric model of the synapse
Lecture 5
4.4 - 4.5	Model for potassium and sodium conductances, Nobel Prize 1991, Patch clamp method
5	Synapses, receptor cells and brain, Reflex arch, Division of sensory and motoric functions, Cranial nerves
6	The heart, Anatomy and physiology of the heart, Cross-section video, Striated muscle, Syncytium
6.1	Cardiac cycle, Generation of bioelectric signal, Conduction system, Intrinsic frequency, Electrophysiology of the heart
6.2.2 - 6.3	Total excitation of the isolated human heart, Genesis of the electrocardiogram
Lecture 6
Part II	Bioelectric Sources and Conductors and Their Modeling
7	Volume source and volume conductor
7.2	Bioelectric source and its electric field
7.2.2	Volume source in a homogeneous volume conductor
7.3	The concept of modeling
7.4	The human body as a volume conductor
7.5	Forward and inverse problems
Lecture 7
7.1 - 7.3	Volume source, Piecewise homogeneous volume conductor, Green's theorem, Dipole
Part III	Theoretical Methods in Bioelectromagnetism
11	Solid angle theorem, Double layer, Inhomogeneous double layer, Double layer sources
11.4	Lead Vector, Ohm's Law, lead vector concept, Lead voltage between two measurement points
11.4.3	Einthoven triangle, Burger Model, Variation of the Frank model
11.5	Lead vector, Image surface, Points inside the image surface, Design of orthonormal lead systems
Lecture 8
11.2	Solid angle theorem, Double layer source, Lead vector
11.5	Image surface, Design of orthonormal lead systems
11.6	Lead field, Sensitivity distribution, Linearity, Superposition
11.6.3	Reciprocity, Hermann von Helmholtz, Historical approach, Electric lead
11.6.5	Ideal lead field, Effect of electrode configuration, Synthesizing an ideal lead field
Lecture 9
11.6	Review of lead field concept, Sensitivity distribution, Reciprocity and electric lead
11.7	Gabor-Nelson theorem, Summary of the theoretical methods
12.1 - 12.2	Biomagnetism, Equations, Biomagnetic fields
12.3	Reciprocity theorem for magnetic fields, Equations for electric and magnetic leads
12.4 - 12.8	Magnetic dipole moment, Ideal lead field, Synthesization of ideal magnetic lead, Radial and tangential sensitivities
Lecture 10
12.3	Reciprocity theorem for magnetic fields, Biomagnetic fields repeated
12.4 - 12.9	Magnetic dipole moment, Special properties of magnetic lead fields
12.11	Sensitivity distribution of basic magnetic leads, Magnetometers
12.10	Independence of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields, Helmholtz theorem
Part IV	Electric and Magnetic Measurement of the Electric Activity of Neural Tissue
IV  13 -13.6	Electroencephalograpy, EEG lead systems, Behavior of EEG signal
14.1, 14.2	Magnetoencephalography, History, Sensitivity distribution, Axial and planar gradiometers
14.3	Comparison of EEG and MEG half sensitivity, Electrode in the source region
14.3, 14.4	Effect of skull resistivity, Summary.
Lecture 11
Part V	Electric and Magnetic Measurement of the Electric Activity of the Heart
15.1	12-lead ECG system, Waller, Einthoven
15.2	ECG Signal
15.3 - 15.5	Wilson central terminal, Goldberger leads, Precordial leads
15.6, 15.7	Modifications of the 12-lead system, The information content of the 12 lead system
Lecture 12
16 - 16.2.3	VCG Lead systems, Uncorrected VCG lead systems
16.3	Corrected VCG Systems, Frank lead system
Lecture 13
16.3.1	Frank lead system repeated
16.3.2 - 16.3.5	Lead systems: McFee-Parungao, SVEC III, Gabor-Nelson
16.4	Discussion on VCG leads
17 - 17.4	Other lead systems, Moving dipole, Multiple-dipole model, Multipole, Clinical diagnosis
17.4	Summary of models used
18 - 18.3	Distortion factors in ECG, Effect of the inhomogeneities, Brody effect
Lecture 14
18.3 – 18.5	Brody effect, Direction of ventricular activation, Effect of blood resistivity
19 – 19.4	The basis of ECG diagnosis, The application areas of ECG diagnosis, Electric axis of the heart, Ventricular arrhythmias
19.5 – 19.7	Disorders in the activation sequence, Myocardial ischemia and infarction
20	Magnetocardiography, History, Standard grid
Lecture 15
20.3	Magnetocardiography, Methods for detecting magnetic heart vector, McFee lead system, XYZ-lead system, ABC-lead system
20.4 – 20.6	Sensitrivity distribution, Generation of MCG signal
20.7	Clinical applications: Fetal MCG, DC-MCG
20.7	General solution for the clinical application, Theoretical aspects, Helmholz's theorem
20.7. II	The electromagnetocardiography method (EMCG), Clinical study, Results
Lecture 16
Part VI	Electric and Magnetic Stimulation of Neural Tissue
21	History, Applications, Taser
22, VII, 23	Magnetic stimulation, History, Principle of magnetic stimulation, Distribution of stimulation current
Part VII	Electric and Magnetic Stimulation of the Heart
23	Pacemakers
24	Cardiac defibrillation, Mechanism, Defibrillator devices
Part VIII	Measurement of the Intrinsic Electric Properties of Biological Tissues
25 – 25.3	Impedance cardiography, Signals, Origin of the impedance signal
Lecture 17
25.3, 25.4	Impedance cardiography, Signals, Origin of the signal
25.4.5 – 25.6	Accuracy of the impedance cardiography, Other applications of impedance pletysmography
26	Impedance tomography, Measurement methods, Image reconstruction
27	Electrodermal response, Lie detector
Part IX	Other Bioelectromagnetic Phenomena
28	The Electric Signals Originating in the Eye, EOG, Electroretinogram
Lecture 18
Summary I	Objectives, Discipline bioelectromagnetism
Summary II	Subthreshold membrane phenomena, Nerst equation, Origin of the resting voltage
Summary III	Active behavior of the membrane, Voltage clamp, Results
Summary IV	Bioelectric sources and conductors, Models
Lecture 19
Summary V	Theoretical methods in bioelectromagnetism, Solid angle theorem, Image surface, Linearity, Superposition, Electric lead

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